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慈怀疗护中的紧急情况
喘鸣 (Stridor)
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简介
气道阻塞可能发生在上呼吸道或下呼吸道。
喘鸣音是一种异常的高音呼吸音(通常是吸气时),它是气流通过狭窄的气道产生湍流而形成的
一旦听到喘鸣音,呼吸道通常已经小于5 mm。
发作可能是渐进的或突然的。对患者或其他人来说,这是非常痛苦的经历。
病因
气道阻塞可能是解剖结构性或功能性的:
解剖结构性
腔内(如肿瘤,粘液阻塞)
壁內(例如喉癌)
壁外(例如纵隔淋巴结病)
功能性(例如喉返神经麻痹复发)
应对方法
由于存在最终完全阻塞和窒息的风险,因此及早识别和处理很重要。
如果与患者的护理目标保持一致,通过以下方式确保呼吸道通畅
气管切开术
支气管镜方法(例如腔内支架术,激光,冷冻疗法)
如果阻塞是肿瘤所引起的,可以用对治疗有反应的化疗或放疗来治疗。放疗前可能需要进行选择性气管切开术。
如果上述方法无效,请咨询慈怀疗护团队的建议。
慈怀疗护的药理管理包括
口服 / 静脉注射 / 皮下注射地塞米松Dexamethasone 16-24毫克 /天,可以减少肿瘤周围的水肿
口服 / 静脉注射 / 皮下注射阿片类药物治疗呼吸困难
如果病人烦躁不安,可能需要镇静药(如用咪达唑仑Midazolam)
将液体保持在最低限度,否则气道分泌物可能会危及已经变窄的气道
与患者及其家庭成员进行良好的沟通和教育,对治疗的期待和治疗计划至关重要。
参考资料
Ma CM. Major Airway Obstruction.
HKSPM Newsletter.
2010;April(1):10–11.
Yataco JC, Mehta AC. Upper Airway Obstruction. In Suhail R, ed.
ACP Manual of Critical Care Medicine.
USA: McGraw-Hill; 2008:388–397.
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