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上腔静脉梗阻(SVCO)
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新加坡慈怀疗护电子书(主页内容)
慈怀疗护中的紧急情况
上腔静脉梗阻(SVCO)
EN
中文
简介
上腔静脉梗阻是上腔静脉的血流阻塞。
大多数上腔静脉梗阻是由原发性或继发性肺部肿瘤引起的。
多数患者的症状是隐袭性的而非急性发作。
如果上腔静脉梗阻发病迅速,可能会危及生命。
一般来说,如果对上腔静脉梗阻进行适当的治疗,患者病情的预后是其癌症的预后。
应对方法
症状
迹象
呼吸困难
呼吸急促
头痛
结膜水肿
视觉变化
眼眶周围水肿
头晕
发绀
感受到头部和脸部的压力
颈静脉扩张和手臂及胸部的侧支静脉曲张
视神经乳头水肿(后期迹象)
检查
胸部CT:
判断静脉阻塞的程度
确定上腔静脉梗阻的原因
应对方法
如果患者出现急性症状并伴有喘鸣音,可能是气管压迫所致,需要进行紧急气管切开术
即时治疗
让病人坐直
如果没有禁忌症,使用100%的氧气
每天两次,每次静脉注射地塞米松 Dexamethasone 8mg
进一步治疗
血管内支架(症状约在〜48小时内减轻)
放射治疗(可能需要几周才能看到最终的效果)
如果患者患有对化疗非常敏感的肿瘤 (如小细胞肺癌,淋巴瘤,生殖细胞肿瘤),化疗通常作为一线治疗
参考资料
Wilson LD, Detterbeck FC, Yahalom J. Clinical practice. Superior vena cava syndrome with malignant causes.
N Engl J Med.
2007;356(18):1862–1869.
Abner A. Approach to the patient who presents with superior vena cava obstruction.
Chest.
1993;103(4 Suppl):394S–397S.
National Collaborating Centre for Cancer (UK).
The Diagnosis and Treatment of Lung Cancer (Update)
. Cardiff, UK: National Collaborating Centre for Cancer (UK); 2011. NICE Clinical Guidelines, No. 121.
Emergencies in Palliative Medicine: Superior Vena Cava Obstruction. In Watson M, 2ND ed.
Oxford Handbook of Palliative Care.
Oxford, NY: Oxford University Press; 2009:917–928.
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