Duke-NUS: Preclinical study suggests spermidine can help treat advanced non-alcoholic fatty liver disease

A pathway that malfunctions in advanced non-alcoholic fatty liver disease could be fixed with the aid of spermidine, a compound naturally found in bodily cells and certain whole foods.

SINGAPORE, 21 September 2022 – A team of scientists led by Duke-NUS Medical School have identified an important pathway that is disrupted in advanced non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and intervening with a naturally-occurring compound known as spermidine¹ partially fixes the problem.

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, an umbrella term for a range of liver conditions affecting people who drink little to no alcohol, is the most prevalent metabolic liver disorder worldwide, affecting 25 per cent of all adults globally. In Singapore, non-alcoholic liver disease affects four in 10 adults.

When the disease progresses, the liver becomes inflamed and scars. This advanced state, as non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), is associated with cardiac and kidney disease and malignancies outside the liver. Publishing in Nature Communications, the scientists say understanding how spermidine alleviates the pathological features of NASH could help in developing drugs to treat the condition.

“Currently, there is no pharmacological therapy for NASH, with several drugs showing only limited efficacy in clinical trials, so there is an urgent need to better understand the molecular mechanisms that underlie it,” said the study’s first author Dr Zhou Jin, Senior Research Fellow with the Cardiovascular & Metabolic Disorders (CVMD) Programme at Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore.

Dr Zhou, senior author Professor Paul Michael Yen from the CVMD Programme, and their colleagues in Singapore, the US, the UK and China first studied liver enzymes involved in a specific pathway in people who were healthy or had non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. They next carried their studies over to a preclinical model of NASH.

They found a molecular pathway that was disrupted by the condition. Put simply, NASH leads to the reduction of an enzyme, called deoxyhypusine hydroxylase, that is necessary for attaching the hypusine residue from spermidine—the substrate of this pathway—to a critical protein involved in translating genetic code from RNA into protein, called EIF5A.

Disruption of the pathway decreased the synthesis of proteins available to the cell’s energy powerhouse, called mitochondria. It also decreased mitochondrial activity and fatty acid metabolism.

The scientists next added spermidine to the cell cultures and preclinical model. They observed increased fatty acid metabolism and improved mitochondrial function. They also recorded lower levels of inflammation in the liver and reduced scar tissue formation associated with NASH.

“Our findings that the dysregulation of mitochondrial protein synthesis can be rescued by spermidine provides novel mechanistic insights, a therapeutic target, and potential prevention agent for managing non-alcoholic fatty liver disease,” said Prof Yen.

“Basic scientific research proves its value by enabling new discoveries and avenues of research for conditions that have otherwise confounded clinicians,” said Professor Patrick Casey, Senior Vice-Dean for Research at Duke-NUS. “There are still many steps before these findings can be translated to humans—nonetheless, the work led by Professor Yen and his lab continues to push the boundaries of what we know about the condition, to better inform how we can effectively treat it.”

The team next plans to study the impaired pathway further to understand its role in general protein synthesis. They also plan to study whether age, gender and disease severity affect the pathway, as this may help identify patients who might benefit from spermidine supplementation.

Spermidine is the sole substrate for the hypusination of EIF5A (EIF5A^H). EIF5A^H plays a critical role in facilitating the synthesis of several mitochondrial proteins and regulating mitochondrial respiration and lipid oxidation. This pathway is decreased in NASH, and spermidine supplementation restores EIF5A^H to increase mitochondrial fatty acid utilisation, and reduces steatosis. (Credit: Duke-NUS Medical School)

Deoxyhypusine hydroxylase (DOHH) is a key enzyme that utilises spermidine to catalyse a specific chemical modification (i.e. post-translational hypusination) of the translation factor EIF5A (EIF5A^H). Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) disrupts the DOHH-EIF5A^H pathway. Spermidine, the substrate for this pathway, restores EIF5A^H to increase mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation and reduces steatosis in the liver. (Credit: Duke-NUS Medical School)

Reference: Zhou, J., Pang, J., Tripathi, M. et al. Spermidine-mediated hypusination of translation factor EIF5A improves mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation and prevents non-alcoholic steatohepatitis progression. Nat Commun 13, 5202 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-022-32788-x